Effects of dietary phosphorus on growth,body composition and immunity of young taimen Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773)

The effects of dietary phosphorus (P) on growth, body composition and immunity of young taimen (Hucho taimen) were studied. Six purified diets contained graded levels (2.3‐control, 4.0, 5.6, 7.5, 9.1 and 10.8 g kg^?1 diet) of available P. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish with an initial average weight (55.31 ± 0.38) g for 84 days. The weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were improved by dietary available P up to 4.35 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off. Hepatosomatic index and body crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing P levels, while ash contents and P concentrations in the whole body and vertebrae increased by dietary available P up to 4.36 and 4.44 g kg^?1 and then levelled off respectively (P < 0.05). Liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and plasma alkaline phosphatase activities in the treatment groups were significantly higher compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma IgM contents increased linearly with increasing dietary P from 4.0 to 9.1 g kg^?1 group and then decreased. Dietary P supplementation reduced plasma triglyceride, malondialdehyde and liver malondialdehyde contents. There were no significant effects on plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, catalase, lysozyme and liver catalase compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Broken line regression analysis indicated that dietary available P requirement was 4.34 and 4.35 g kg^?1, based on weight gain and P concentration in the whole body respectively.     

Simplified processing method of banana (Musa acuminata) peels possess the improvement in immunological responses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Musa acuminate peel extract as an immunostimulant, administrated in the diets of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and an assessment of a simplified process to develop low‐cost feed additives are conducted in this study. The products obtained serially, during the processes of hot‐water banana peel extraction, were administrated in the diets of M. rosenbergii, including dried banana peel powder (DBP) at 8 g/kg, hot‐water‐treated banana peel (HBP) at 8 g/kg and hot‐water extract of banana peel (BPE) at 2 g/kg during the 32 days of the feeding trial. Total haemocyte count, different haemocyte count, respiratory bursts; and activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, phenoloxidase and transglutaminase, as well as an accelerated haemolymph clotting time, significantly increased in M. rosenbergii fed with diets containing HBP and BPE, 32 days post‐feeding. Furthermore, the phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency of prawns against Lactococcus garvieae infection increased significantly. The respective relative survival percentages of prawns fed with HBP, and BPE containing diets after 32 days of feeding trial were 29.2% and 41.7% against L. garvieae infection for 144 hours, and 50%, and 50% against hypothermal stress for 96 hours of exposure. We may therefore conclude that HBP, obtained from a simplified procedure, without centrifugation and lyophilization, may strategically promote tolerance to hypothermal stress, and enhance immunity and resistance to L. garvieae infection.     

Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on the growth performance and humoral immune response in silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted for determining the effects of dietary essential amino acids (EAA) deficiencies on growth performance and non‐specific immune responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles (4.7 ± 0.1 g initial weight). Eleven isoproteic (ca. 47%) diets were formulated including a control diet containing the optimum quantity of EAA, and ten EAA‐deficient diets. All diets contained 36% fish meal and 18.5% crystalline EAA and non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) as the main source of dietary proteins. All the EAA and NEAA incorporated in the crystalline amino acids mixture of the control diet simulated the amino acids profile of the fish meal. The other 10 EAA‐deficient diets were formulated by the deletion of each of the 10 EAA (crystalline form) from the control diet and replaced by a mixture of NEAA for the adjustment of dietary nitrogen contents. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with threonine‐deficient diet showed the lowest survival rate (p < .05), whereas growth performance decreased in fish fed all EAA‐deficient diets, although the reduction in body growth varied depending on the EAA considered. Plasma total protein decreased in all experimental groups except for fish fed the phenylalanine‐deficient diet. Fish fed with arginine‐ and lysine‐deficient diets had the lowest plasma C3, C4, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin and total superoxide dismutase activity (p < .05). Present results indicated that lysine, methionine and threonine were the most limiting EAA in terms of growth performance; however, arginine, threonine and lysine were the most limiting EAA for innate immunity responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles.     

低鱼粉饲料中添加低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响

以鱼粉水平为30%的饲料为高鱼粉饲料对照组,以豆粕替代高鱼粉饲料中50%鱼粉形成低鱼粉基础饲料,低鱼粉基础饲料添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%低分子水解鱼蛋白,配制 6种实验饲料,对初始体重为(0.44±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾进行48 d的养殖实验。实验结束后采集样品,测定肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并分析肠道先天免疫缺陷基因(IMD)、对虾素3a分子(Penaiedin 3a)、溶菌酶(LZM)和Crustin相关免疫基因的表达量,以探讨低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,在低鱼粉饲料中添加适宜水平的低分子水解鱼蛋白能够显著提高对虾肝胰腺T-SOD、AKP和ACP的活力,降低MDA的含量;且1.5%低分子水解鱼蛋白能增加IMD、Penaiedin 3a、LZM和Crustin基因表达量。综上,凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力的降低可能是影响植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的关键原因之一,而在饲料中补充1.0%–1.5%的低分子水解鱼蛋白可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗病相关基因的表达量,增强其非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力。     

Oral bovine serum albumin immune‐stimulating complexes improve the immune responses and resistance of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea,Richardson, 1846) against Vibrio alginolyticus

This study aimed to investigate effects of bovine serum albumin immune‐stimulating complexes (BSA ISCOMs) on immune‐related genes expression, serum nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Fish were fed diets containing 3.5 ml of BSA ISCOMs per kg feed (experimental group) or 3.5 ml of phosphate‐buffered saline per kg feed (control group) for 1 week. The liver, spleen, head‐kidney tissues were sampled for determining gene expression of myxovirus‐resistant protein (Mx), major histocompatibility complex class II alpha chain (MHC II α), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) 30 and 90 days after feeding. Also, blood samples were collected for determining activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), TNF‐α and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). TNF‐α and MHCⅡα gene expression in the liver, spleen, head‐kidney, as well as IFN‐α, TNF‐α and ALP activities in the serum, of experimental fish were significantly higher 30 days after feeding; while only TNF‐α and MHC II gene expression in the head‐kidney remained upregulated 90 days after feeding. The cumulative mortality of the experimental fish was significantly lower than control. This study indicated that BSA ISCOMs improved the immune response and induced protective immunity in large yellow croaker.     

温度胁迫对大鳞副泥鳅抗氧化与非特异性免疫指标的影响

为研究大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)对温度胁迫的适应能力,开展了温度胁迫与恢复实验。设置对照组(22℃)、高温组(29℃)、降温组(15℃)与低温组(8℃)4个处理,在胁迫期的第1、2、4、8、12h与恢复期第4、8、12、24h取肝脏,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力和丙二醛(MDA)、血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量。结果显示,胁迫期内肝脏SOD和CAT活力均在温度骤变的影响下受到抑制,显著低于对照组水平(P0.05),MDA含量则显著升高(P0.05);恢复期内各实验组SOD和CAT活力均逐渐升高,MDA含量逐渐降低,至恢复期结束时,对照组与各实验组间无显著差异(P0.05)。温度骤变条件下,各实验组肝脏LZM与AKP活力显著降低(P0.05),恢复期内高温组LZM与AKP活力无明显变化,降温组与低温组LZM与AKP活力则逐渐升高,至恢复期结束时与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。温度胁迫显著升高血清中AST与ALT含量(P0.05),恢复期内各实验组AST与ALT含量均呈下降趋势,至恢复期结束时,除高温组ALT含量外均降至对照组水平。研究表明,温度胁迫显著降低大鳞副泥鳅SOD、CAT、LZM与AKP活力,MDA与血清转氨酶AST、ALT含量升高,其中,高温胁迫会对大鳞副泥鳅非特异性免疫机能造成不可逆破坏,其他抑制均为可恢复的。     

自然养殖水体投喂CpG ODN和表面展示VP28的解脂耶罗维亚酵母对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗WSSV的免疫保护作用

用添加CpG寡聚核苷酸(CpG ODN)和表面展示VP28的解脂耶罗维亚酵母(VP28-yl)的饵料投喂凡纳滨对虾,进行田间中试实验。投喂30 d后进行WSSV感染实验,评估其对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护作用。投喂实验结束后,CpG ODN投喂组对虾的相对增重率达到(65.8±7.8)% (P<0.05),这暗示CpG ODN可能具有促生长作用。WSSV攻毒后,CpG ODN和VP28-yl投喂组对虾中WSSV拷贝数与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),相对免疫保护率分别可达到26.7%和36.7%。在投喂结束和WSSV刺激后,CpG ODN组对虾中的呼吸爆发水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。而在VP28-yl投喂组,WSSV引起的细胞凋亡则显著受到抑制(P<0.05)。此外,WSSV刺激后,STAT基因在CpG ODN组和VP28-yl组对虾中的表达水平均显著上调(P<0.05),分别在第5天和第3天达到最大值,而对照组中则显著下调。研究结果表明,CpG ODN和VP28-yl增强了凡纳滨对虾抗病毒免疫力,对养殖对虾病毒性疫病的防控具有显著作用,可以作为免疫增强剂添加在饵料中,具有在养殖生产中推广使用的前景。     

Modulation of growth,immunity and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in the liver and intestine of juvenile Sillago sihama by dietary vitamin C

An 8‐week feeding experiment was implemented to study the effect of dietary vitamin C (VC) on growth, immunity, oxidation resistance and relevant gene expressions in juvenile S. sihama (2.33 ± 0.02 g). Fish were fed six diets containing VC level of 5, 16, 27, 65, 122 and 233 mg/kg, respectively. VC‐deficient signs including ascites syndrome, skin decay and haemorrhage were found in the fish fed basal diets. Appropriate VC supplement in diets (a) increased weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER); (b) increased contents of hepatic total immunoglobulin (IgM), complement 3 (C3) and complement 4 (C4) and activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP); (c) increased hepatic and intestinal copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities, but decreased hepatic MDA content; and (d) up‐regulated gene expressions of NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), CAT, GST, GPx, glutathione reductase (GR), CuZnSOD and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in liver and intestine. These results indicated that dietary VC significantly influenced the growth, immunity and oxidation resistance at enzymatic and genic levels. Based on regression analysis for PER, IgM, intestinal CuZnSOD and hepatic VC concentration, the optimal requirement of dietary VC in juvenile S. sihama was estimated to be 98.33, 139.03, 104.23 and 143.69 mg/kg.     

Beneficial effects on growth,haematic indicators,immune status,antioxidant function and gut health in Juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary administration of a multi‐strain probiotic

The present study was conducted to administer a commercial multi‐strain probiotic (MP), Yilibao (Bacillus velezensis:Bacillus cereus:Lactobacillus casei = 2:2:1), in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. In terms of aerobic Bacillus spp. counts, we produced five diets containing 0, 0.34, 1.68, 3.36 and 6.72 g/kg of MP dry product (Control, T1, T2, T3, T4). Seven hundred and fifty tilapia juveniles (13.26 ± 0.01 g) distributed into 25 tanks in five replications were fed their diet for eight weeks. Results showed that fish fed T3 and T4 diets displayed significantly higher final body weight and weight gain (p < .05). Further, all MP‐treated fish exhibited remarkably decreased plasma lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides) (p < .05) and fish fed T3 and T4 diets displayed significantly higher plasma myeloperoxidase activity and complement C3 content (p < .05). Additionally, fish fed T3 and T4 diets exhibited significantly promoted total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione level and declined malondialdehyde content in the plasma and/or liver (p < .05). Moreover, significantly elevated chymotrypsin activity, villus height and intraepithelial lymphocytes counts were found in fish fed T3 and T4 diets (p < .05). As fish fed T3 and T4 diets surpassed the other treatments in growth, immune–antioxidative status and gut health, the recommended dose for tilapia is 3.36–6.72 g/kg.     

Beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis on water quality,growth, immune responses,endotoxemia and protection against lipopolysaccharide‐induced damages in Oreochromis niloticus under biofloc technology system

The present research explored the effects of Bacillus subtilis on water quality, growth, immune responses, endotoxemia and protection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) damages in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under biofloc system. B. subtilis was added at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 grams (1.19 × 10⁸ CFU/g) per kg of basal diet, named T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, and fed to fish (14.82 ± 0.42 g) for 50 days. The concentrations of TAN, NO₂ and NO₃ were significantly reduced, and fish fed probiotics displayed significantly better growth performances versus the control, concomitantly with significantly enhanced activities of digestive enzymes. They also showed significantly declined serum glucose and cholesterol vice versa significantly improved immune responses (total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, alternative complement, protease, immunoglobulins, alkaline phosphatase and respiratory burst), antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde) and skin mucus parameters (total protein, lysozyme, alternative complement, protease, immunoglobulins). Meanwhile, significantly lower endotoxin (LPS) concentrations were detected in the intestines and serum of fish fed probiotics. LPS challenge induced profound oxidative stress and impaired immune responses. Interestingly, probiotic alleviated LPS‐induced damages and restored mentioned parameters. In conclusion, B. subtilis effectively enhanced fish production, immunity and protection against LPS‐induced damages in tilapia under biofloc system.